Below is a simple PowerShell script you can use to add a user or AD group to the Farm Administrators group in Central Administration. It's actually the same script you'd use to add a user into ANY SharePoint group, so it's helpful for more than just this one purpose:
[void][System.Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("Microsoft.SharePoint")
$CAPortNum = "12345"
$userOrGroup = "philsdevdomain\phil"
$site = new-Object Microsoft.SharePoint.SPSite("http://"+$env:COMPUTERNAME+":"+$CAPortNum)
$web = $site.RootWeb
$farmadmins = $web.SiteGroups["Farm Administrators"]
$farmadmins.AddUser($userOrGroup,"","","")
$web.Dispose()
$site.Dispose()